The National Board of Revenue (NBR) has officially released the authentic English text of the Income Tax Act, 2023 through a gazette notification dated 8 October 2025.
Originally enacted in Bangla, the Income Tax Act, 2023 replaced the previous Income Tax Ordinance, 1984 in June 2023, marking a major shift in Bangladesh’s direct tax regime. Since its enactment, stakeholders, particularly foreign investors and multinational entities, have been requesting an official English version to ensure uniform interpretation, consistency, and ease of application in cross-border tax and compliance matters.
The publication of the English text comes after more than two years of translation, review, and vetting by the NBR and the Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division, aiming to provide an authoritative reference for both domestic and international users of the law.
The newly published English text incorporates all legislative amendments made up to the Finance Act, 2024. However, it does not include the subsequent changes introduced by the Finance Act, 2025.
For a copy of the Gazette, please click the download button below.
On 11 September 2025, the Ministry of Finance and Revenue of Myanmar issued Notification No. 107/2025 (“Notification 107”) introducing the Customs Rules on Copyrights and Related Rights. These rules establish a formal framework for recording intellectual property rights with the Customs Department and provide enforcement mechanisms to prevent the importation of infringing goods. The new procedures aim to enhance border protection of intellectual property and align Myanmar’s customs practices with international standards.
Outlined below are the key provisions introduced under Notification 107.
Applicants (or right holders) may now formally record their copyrights or related rights with the Customs Department by submitting a completed Form (1) to the Director-General. Upon receipt, the Customs Department will assess the application and, if complete, will register the records and notify the applicant using Form (2) within 15 days. If the application is incomplete, the applicant will be notified and given 7 days to provide the missing information. Should the applicant fail to submit complete information within the specified timeframe, the application will be rejected via Form (3).
Once accepted, the records remain valid for two years. Applicants may renew the records for an additional two-year term by submitting Form (4) at least 30 days before the current validity expires. Any amendments or withdrawals of previously recorded information must be reported to the Customs Department within five days of the change. If the Customs Department finds that the applicant has violated any provisions of the Copyright Law or related regulations, the recordation may be cancelled.
Applicants who possess credible evidence or reasonable grounds to suspect that infringing goods are being imported into Myanmar may request a suspension order by submitting Form (5) to the Director-General. This application can be made regardless of whether the goods have been previously recorded with the Customs Department. For unrecorded goods, the applicant must also provide supporting documents, including proof of ownership or legal importation of the copyright or related right, evidence of infringement, and any other relevant materials.
Applications may be submitted in person, electronically, or by mail, and must be prepared in either Myanmar or English. If requested, a certified translation must be provided. The Customs Department will review the application and notify the applicant of acceptance using Form (6) within 30 days. If the application is incomplete, the applicant will be given 15 days to submit the missing information. Failure to do so will result in rejection via Form (7). Once accepted, the applicant must pay a security deposit within 7 days; otherwise, the application will be rejected.
In addition to applicant-initiated actions, the Customs Department may independently issue a suspension order if it finds credible evidence or reasonable suspicion that goods infringe copyrights or related rights. In such cases, the Department will notify both the right holder and the importer using Form (8). The right holder must then pay the required security deposit within 15 days to maintain the suspension. If the deposit is not paid, the suspension order will be cancelled, and the goods will be released to the importer with restrictions prohibiting public distribution or sale.
Importers who disagree with a suspension order may appeal to the Intellectual Property Court within 15 days of receiving the notification. The Customs Department is required to act in accordance with the Court’s decision. During the suspension period, both the applicant and the importer may inspect the goods simultaneously to verify infringement. The applicant must report the status of legal proceedings within 3 days for perishable goods and within 15 days for other goods. If necessary, the suspension period may be extended by up to 15 days. Failure to report within the prescribed period will result in cancellation of the suspension order and release of the goods.
If the Intellectual Property Court confirms that the suspended goods infringe copyrights or related rights, the importer must pay the costs associated with storage, destruction, or removal of the goods within 30 days. Upon payment, the Customs Department will return the applicant’s security deposit. If the importer fails to pay, the Customs Department may initiate legal proceedings to recover the costs. Any remaining portion of the deposit will be refunded to the applicant once expenses are recovered.
However, if the Court finds no infringement, the applicant must compensate the importer for any damages resulting from the wrongful suspension. Proof of compensation must be submitted to the Customs Department before the security deposit is refunded.
Certain categories of goods are exempt from these rules, including transshipment cargo, reshipment cargo, retention cargo, and transit cargo. In addition, goods permitted by the State for public interest purposes are not subject to these provisions.
Notification 107 introduces a comprehensive framework for the protection of copyrights and related rights at Myanmar’s borders. By formalizing procedures for recording and enforcement, the Customs Department enhances its capacity to prevent the importation of infringing goods. Businesses involved in the import or export of copyrighted materials should familiarize themselves with these new rules and ensure compliance to avoid potential disruptions and liabilities.
The information provided here is for information purposes only and is not intended to constitute legal advice. Legal advice should be obtained from qualified legal counsel for all specific situations.
Unlock the latest insights and stay ahead in Cambodia’s fast-evolving trade landscape with the newly released DFDL Cambodia Customs Guide 2026 — your essential resource for navigating customs regulations and compliance.
Authored by DFDL experts Clint O’Connell (DFDL Cambodia’s Managing Director and Head of Cambodia Tax and Customs Practice), Diberjohn Balinas (Cambodia Tax Partner), and Kosal Dun (Senior Manager of Cambodia Customs and Compliance Practice), the guide offers practical insights for customs professionals, import/export businesses, legal advisors, and investors. It covers key procedures, duties, taxes, and trade agreements, designed to help businesses stay compliant and competitive.
Equip yourself and your business with the most up-to-date and comprehensive customs resource available. Visit the DFDL website to read more or download your copy of the Cambodia Customs Guide 2026 today and ensure you are prepared for the challenges and opportunities ahead.
Join us for the Taxand Asia Pacific Regional Tax Conference on 20 November 2025, in Bangkok, Thailand. This full-day event will gather leading tax experts from various countries, including Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, India, Mauritius, the Philippines, Indonesia, China, and the United States, to share invaluable insights and effective strategies.
Highlights include:
Details:
Date: 20 November 2025
Venue: Le Meridien Bangkok, Thailand
Who should attend? CFOs, Financial controllers, Tax Managers, and C-levels.
Reserve your spot now
Get the agenda by clicking the green download button.
On 25 August 2025, the Ministry of Economy and Finance issued Prakas 671, which introduces updated procedures for licensing and operating Customs Bonded Warehouses in Cambodia. This new Prakas repeals the earlier Prakas 116 dated 15 February 2008, reflecting the government’s efforts to modernize customs administration, improve compliance, and align with international best practices.
Continuity in Core Principles
Prakas 671 builds on the foundational framework established by Prakas 116, maintaining consistency in the regulation of customs bonded warehouses. Both regulations classify warehouses into three types — Type A (Public), Type B (Private), and Type C (Special) — and uphold the principle of suspending duties and taxes on goods stored under customs control. They also reinforce the responsibilities of warehouse operators to maintain secure facilities, provide adequate space for customs officers, and ensure comprehensive recordkeeping and traceability of goods.
Key Changes and Comparison
The table below summarizes the major differences between the repealed Prakas 116 and the newly issued Prakas 671 (which took effect on 25 August 2025) focusing on license fees, security deposit, and storage requirements:
| Under Prakas 116 | Prakas 671 (effective 25 August 2025) | |
| License Fee | 1% of average monthly duties and taxes outstanding; no minimum specified | Higher of KHR 2 million or 1% of average monthly duties and taxes outstanding |
| Security Deposit | 5% of annual duties and taxes outstanding; amount adjustable by the General Department of Customs and Excise (“GDCE”) | Fixed cash deposit of KHR 300 million |
| Storage Duration | Up to 2 years, with possible 12-month extension | Up to 180 days, with possible 180-day extension depending on goods’ condition and GDCE’s assessment |
Prakas 671 introduces stricter financial and operational requirements for customs bonded warehouse operators. The introduction of a fixed security deposit and a minimum license fee standardizes financial obligations, while the reduction in storage duration reflects a shift toward greater inventory turnover and tighter customs control.
Businesses operating customs bonded warehouses or engaged in import-export activities are encouraged to assess their current operations and compliance procedures to ensure alignment with the new regulatory framework. If assistance is needed, DFDL stands ready to support with license applications, regulatory compliance reviews, and strategic planning.
Tax services required to be undertaken by a licensed tax agent in Cambodia are provided by Mekong Tax Services Co., Ltd, a member of DFDL and licensed as a Cambodian tax agent under license number – TA201701018.
The Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) has issued Prakas 648 MEF.PrK.GDT dated 12 August 2025 (“Prakas 648”), providing comprehensive rules on Tax on Income (ToI), Special Tax, and Value-Added Tax (VAT) for enterprises engaged in transporting passengers and/or cargo by air.
This new regulation expands upon the earlier Prakas 198 (17 March 2025), which introduced the foundation for airline taxation in Cambodia. Together, these measures provide greater clarity, certainty, and predictability for both resident and non-resident operators in the aviation sector.
Click “Download” to read Tax Obligations for Airway Transport Businesses
Tax services required to be undertaken by a licensed tax agent in Cambodia are provided by Mekong Tax Services Co., Ltd, a member of DFDL and licensed as a Cambodian tax agent under license number – TA201701018.
To support the growing adoption of electric vehicles (“EVs”) in Cambodia and align with the National Policy on Electric Vehicle Development, the Ministry of Economy and Finance (“MEF”) issued Notification 009 on 21 August 2025, amending the Tax on Means of Transportation applicable to EVs. The changes revise tax rates for specific vehicle categories under Prakas 738, which governs annual tax obligations for various types of transportation means.
Key Change
The revised tax rates apply to EVs based on horsepower and manufacturing year, as outlined below. The amendment only affects categories C to E. Categories A and B remain unchanged.
| No. | Horsepower | Manufacturing Year | ||
| 5 years (in Riels) | More than 5 years to 10 years (in Riels) | More than 10 years (in Riels) | ||
| A | Up to 150 horsepower | 100,000 | 80,000 | 60,000 |
| B | More than 150 to 200 horsepower | 150,000 | 100,000 | 80,000 |
| C | More than 200 to 250 horsepower | 300,000 | 150,000 | 100,000 |
| D | More than 250 to 300 horsepower | 500,000 | 250,000 | 150,000 |
| E | More than 300 horsepower | 800,000 | 400,000 | 200,000 |
While Notification 009 does not specify an effective date, we understand that the changes are effective from the date of issuance (i.e., 21 August 2025). This interpretation aligns with the annual tax payment deadline for the Tax on Means of Transportation, which is 30 November 2025.
For further details on the Tax on Means of Transportation, including Prakas 738, you may refer to our previous alert here: Cambodia: Updated Tax on Transportation Means for 2025 – DFDL
Tax services required to be undertaken by a licensed tax agent in Cambodia are provided by Mekong Tax Services Co., Ltd, a member of DFDL and licensed as a Cambodian tax agent under license number – TA201701018.
This comprehensive guide offers practical insights into Bangladesh’s tax system, recent developments, and their implications for businesses across various sectors. Whether you’re a foreign investor, local entrepreneur, or tax professional, this resource provides valuable information to navigate the tax landscape effectively.
The 2025 Bangladesh Tax Guide covers:
Download your complimentary copy of the 2025 Bangladesh Tax Guide by clicking the button below:
As Cambodia’s capital gains tax (CGT) regime continues to evolve, the General Department of Taxation (GDT) issued Instruction 23862 dated 4 August 2025 on the Implementation of Capital Gains Tax under the Framework of Double Taxation Agreements (DTAs). This follows the enactment of Prakas No. 496 MEF.P, dated 18 July 2025 – click here for more information, and builds upon existing DTA implementation guidance from Instruction No. 4084 GDT (2018).
Instruction 23862 clarifies how Cambodia will apply CGT rules where a DTA is in force, and how taxpayers may access relief or exemption from CGT under such agreements.
Click “Download” to read Capital Gains Tax Implementation – Double Taxation Agreements: New Instruction Issued
Tax services required to be undertaken by a licensed tax agent in Cambodia are provided by Mekong Tax Services Co., Ltd, a member of DFDL and licensed as a Cambodian tax agent under license number – TA201701018.
The Ministry of Commerce (“MOC”) and Customs Department have recently issued several important updates affecting exporters, importers, and intellectual property stakeholders. These developments cover extension of export licensing procedures for certain commodities, new registration procedures and deadlines under the Tradenet 2.0 system, the opening of applications for Collective Management Organizations, and updated customs clearance service hours.
This alert provides a summary of these important changes to help businesses stay informed and compliant.
1. Export Licensing Update for 97 Commodities
On 11 July 2025, the MOC issued Export and Import Newsletter 3/2025, confirming the continued application of the Automatic Licensing system for the export of 97 commodity lines (identified by 10-digit HS Codes) via sea routes. This measure, initially introduced on 15 June 2025 to support export operations following the earthquake, will remain in effect until 31 August 2025.
However, for border trade routes, these 97 commodities must be exported under the Non-Automatic Licensing system, in accordance with the earlier Export-Import Newsletter 2/2025.
2. Exporter/Importer Registration Fee Deadline under Tradenet 2.0
On 17 July 2025, the MOC issued Export and Import Newsletter 4/2025, announcing updated procedures for exporters/importers and related registrations under the Tradenet 2.0 system, effective 1 August 2025. The important updates under this Newsletter are as follows:
3. Applications Open for Establishing Collective Management Organizations (CMOs)
On 16 July 2025, the Intellectual Property Department under the MOC issued Announcement No. 1/2025, officially opening the application process for the establishment of CMOs in accordance with the Copyright Law and related regulations.
This marks an essential step in enabling creators and rights-holders to manage and enforce their copyright and related rights collectively.
4. Customs Clearance Service Hours Update
On 16 July 2025, the Customs Department issued a letter addressed to the Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry, requesting that the information be shared with relevant companies regarding Customs Clearance service hours. The aim is to facilitate the smooth and expedited flow of goods.
According to the letter, the Customs Department has been providing 24-hour service with three shifts for Customs Clearance at Asia World Port Terminal (AWPT) since 20 March 2024. Additionally, Customs Clearance services are available at other international ports from 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM.
Conclusion
These recent updates from the MOC and the Customs Department reflect the government’s ongoing efforts to streamline trade procedures, enhance compliance, and support economic recovery. Exporters, importers, and IP stakeholders are encouraged to review these changes carefully and ensure timely compliance to avoid penalties or disruptions. Should you require further clarification or assistance in navigating these new requirements, our team is ready to support you.
The information provided here is for information purposes only and is not intended to constitute legal advice. Legal advice should be obtained from qualified legal counsel for all specific situations.
Cambodia is turning the page on the taxation of capital gains. In a bold move to align with global tax practices and strengthen fiscal equity, the Ministry of Economy and Finance has officially implemented Cambodia’s Capital Gains Tax (CGT) regime.
The Cambodian Government has introduced Prakas 496 MEF.PRK on Capital Gains Tax dated 18 July 2025 (“Prakas 496”). Prakas 496 signals a clear message: gains from property, shares, and financial assets are no longer out of the tax authority’s reach from their respective dates of implementation.
Whether you’re a real estate investor, shareholder in a Cambodian company, or considering a group restructure that involves Cambodian companies, the new CGT framework brings a mix of structure, scrutiny, and strategic opportunity.
With a flat 20% tax rate and detailed exemptions, deductions, and filing procedures, understanding Prakas 496 is not optional—it’s essential.
The rollout of CGT begins from 1 September 2025 for leases, investment property (which includes shares), business goodwill, intellectual property, and foreign currency, with real estate coming under the spotlight from 1 January 2026. That gives stakeholders a narrow window to reassess their portfolios and prepare for compliance.
We summarize below the key points of Prakas 496 with a more detailed analysis of some of the more critical aspects concerning share transfers.
Click “Download” to read Cambodia Finalizes Capital Gains Tax Regime.
Tax services required to be undertaken by a licensed tax agent in Cambodia are provided by Mekong Tax Services Co., Ltd, a member of DFDL and licensed as a Cambodian tax agent under license number – TA201701018
On June 17, 2025, the Vietnam National Assembly passed Resolution 204/2025/QH15, extending the 2% VAT rate reduction. Following this, on 30 June 2025, the Government of Vietnam issued Decree 174/2025/ND-CP, which provides implementation guidance for the VAT reduction.
The reduced 2% VAT rate will be in effect from 1 July 2025 until 31 December 2026.
In comparison to the previous VAT reduction that applied until 30 June 2025, Resolution 204/2025/QH15 includes some adjustments to the scope of the extended 2% VAT reduction. Notably, the sectors now eligible for the reduced rate include transportation services, logistics, and information technology goods and services. However, certain sectors that were originally VAT-exempt have been excluded from this reduction, specifically education, vocational training, medical services, finance, banking, securities, and insurance. Additionally, sectors such as telecommunications and real estate, which have seen recent growth, are also not eligible for the VAT reduction.
The information provided here is for information purposes only and is not intended to constitute legal advice. Legal advice should be obtained from qualified legal counsel for all specific situations.
On 4 July 2025, the General Department of Customs and Excise (“GDCE”) has issued Instruction 3133/25 (“Instruction 3133”) to modernize and streamline customs clearance procedures, with a particular emphasis on customs transit operations. This new instruction introduces enhanced operational standards, clearer compliance obligations, and simplified procedures for authorized operators.
Instruction 3133 expands on the regulatory framework established by Prakas 508 (in 2008) on customs transit and Prakas 788 (in 2023) on pre-arrival customs formalities. It repeals and replaces Instruction 790 dated 28 August 2008 and Instruction 1090 dated 17 October 2008, along with any other provisions that conflict with the new directive.
The updated procedures will take effect from 1 August 2025, and all relevant stakeholders are expected to comply accordingly.
A. Scope and Eligible Operators
Instruction 3133 applies to both domestic (import) and international transit, with international operations subject to Cambodia’s treaty obligations. Only legally authorized entities may operate under customs transit procedures, including:
B. Guarantee Requirement
Transit operators must deposit a security guarantee at GDCE’s Accounting Office in accordance with applicable laws. Deposits at departure customs offices are not accepted. The minimum deposit is regulated and may be adjusted at GDCE’s discretion to ensure financial accountability.
C. Means of Transport Through Customs
Customs transit is permitted for the following types of transport:
Customs officials are authorized to monitor and prevent tampering or unauthorized changes during transit.
D. Prohibited Transit Goods
Goods prohibited from customs transit include those restricted by Cambodian law, banned under international agreements, or specifically designated by the GDCE.
E. Transit Operator Responsibilities
Transit operators must ensure full compliance with customs procedures, including accurate documentation, secure transport, and cooperation with customs officials.
F. Duties of Customs Officers
Customs officers are responsible for ensuring compliance, accuracy, and integrity throughout the customs transit process. Their key duties include:
G. Simplified Customs Transit Procedures
Authorized Economic Operators (AEOs) and individuals approved by GDCE may benefit from simplified customs clearance, including the use of special seals and the ability to clear goods at their premises.
Transit operators must notify consignees upon arrival. If no prior approval exists, consignees may proceed independently but must report irregularities. If permission is denied, clearance must wait for customs officials. The consignee is fully responsible for compliance.
The Customs and Excise Administration Unit oversees these procedures by verifying authorized transit operations, responding to consignee requests, and dispatching at least two officers when official presence or inspection is required.
Conclusion
Instruction 3133 marks a significant step forward in modernizing Cambodia’s customs transit framework. By introducing clearer procedures, defined responsibilities, and streamlined processes (particularly for authorized operators), the instruction aims to enhance operational efficiency, reduce compliance risks, and align with international best practices.
Businesses engaged in import, export, or transit activities should carefully review the new requirements and ensure their internal procedures are updated accordingly ahead of the 1 August 2025 implementation date. Early preparation and compliance will be essential to avoid disruptions and to benefit from the efficiencies introduced under this new regulatory framework.
Tax services required to be undertaken by a licensed tax agent in Cambodia are provided by Mekong Tax Services Co., Ltd, a member of DFDL and licensed as a Cambodian tax agent under license number – TA201701018.
Executive Summary
The White House has announced a new 36% tariff on Cambodian exports, effective 1 August 2025, as part of a sweeping trade policy realignment targeting 14 countries. Additionally, goods transshipped through Cambodian territory—whether originating elsewhere or routed via Cambodia—will be subject to a 40% tariff rate. These developments significantly impact Cambodia’s garment and textile sector, which remains central to the nation’s economy and a key export contributor to the U.S. market.
Key Tariff Measures
| Category | Tariff Rate | Effective Date |
| Cambodian-origin exports | 36% | 1 August 2025 |
| Transshipped goods via Cambodia | 40% | 1 August 2025 |
Sector Impacts
Regional Tariff Comparison
Cambodia’s garment exporters now face one of the highest U.S. tariff rates in Southeast Asia, raising competitiveness concerns relative to neighbouring markets.
| Country | Initial Tariff Rate on US Exports (2 April 2025) | Proposed New Tariff Rate on US Exports (1 August 2025) |
| Cambodia | 49% | 36% |
| Vietnam | 46% | 20% |
| Bangladesh | 37% | 35% |
| Thailand | 36% | 36% |
| Malaysia | 24% | 25% |
| Laos | 48% | 40% |
| Indonesia | 32% | 32% |
| Korea | 25% | 25% |
| Japan | 24% | 25% |
| Myanmar | 44% | 40% |
Vietnam’s ability to secure a preferential rate of 20%—down from a proposed 46%—offers U.S. buyers a lower-cost alternative for many of the same product lines exported from Cambodia.
Regulatory Compliance Focus
Recommended Action Steps
(1) Conduct Tariff Exposure Audits across product categories destined for the U.S.
(2) Revisit Transshipment and Routing Protocols to prevent misclassification or penalty exposure.
(3) Explore Relocation and Market Diversification, including within ASEAN and the EU, to hedge export risk.
(4) Engage With U.S. Trade Counsel and Local Authorities for representation and updates on diplomatic negotiations.
(5) Reassess Contracts and Pricing Structures to reflect revised cost assumptions and preserve commercial viability.
Our Firm’s Advisory
Our customs practice group is working closely with Cambodian garment manufacturers, export managers, and multinational buyers to provide tariff risk assessments, strategy briefings, and advocacy guidance. Please reach out for tailored support as this policy unfolds.
Tax services required to be undertaken by a licensed tax agent in Cambodia are provided by Mekong Tax Services Co., Ltd, a member of DFDL and licensed as a Cambodian tax agent under license number – TA201701018.
